What role has in-betweenness played since 2000s? In Turkey and Indonesia’s bilateral relations with the EU and Japan respectively

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. Theoretical framework: Classical Realism and Analytical Eclecticism
3. The Ambiguities of the EU’s Promotion of Democracy, Human Rights, and the Rule of Law in its international relations: the case of Turkey
   • Normative Power Europe: lighthouse keeper of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law?
   • The case of Turkey: rugged road to Europe
4. Relations between Japan and Indonesia
5. Turkey and Indonesia’s in-betweenness compared: linkage between domestic diverse identities and external balancing acts.
   • Definition of In-betweenness
   • Change and Continuities of Turkish in-between: from Kemalist-western modernization to neo-Ottoman foreign policy, promoting multipolarity while advancing Islamic ideologies
   • Continuity of Indonesian in-between: pragmatism and balance of power
   • Comparison between Turkish and Indonesian in-between
   • Operationalization of in-betweenness in comparison: level of analysis
6. Conclusion and Limitation
7. Bibliography
8. Appendix